What Are Ovarian Cysts? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What Are Ovarian Cysts? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or inside an ovary. While they are relatively common and often harmless, ovarian cysts can sometimes cause complications and require medical attention. This blog will explore the types of ovarian cysts, their causes, symptoms, and the treatment options available.

Understanding Ovarian Cysts

The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system, responsible for producing eggs and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Each month during a woman’s menstrual cycle, a follicle (a small sac) grows on an ovary, housing an egg. Typically, this follicle breaks open to release the egg. However, if the follicle doesn’t open, it can form a cyst.

Ovarian cysts can be classified into several types, the most common of which are functional cysts. These cysts are related to the menstrual cycle and often resolve independently. However, other types of cysts can develop due to various factors, some of which may require medical intervention.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

1. Functional Cysts:
   • Follicular Cysts: These occur when the follicle fails to rupture and release the egg, instead continuing to grow.
   • Corpus Luteum Cysts: After the follicle releases the egg, it transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces hormones for pregnancy. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum typically breaks down. However, if it seals off and fills with fluid, it forms a cyst.
2. Dermoid Cysts: These are also known as teratomas and can contain various tissues like hair, skin, or teeth because they form from embryonic cells. Dermoid cysts are usually benign but can grow large and cause pain.
3. Endometriomas: These cysts develop in women with endometriosis, where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus. When this tissue attaches to the ovary, it can form a cyst known as an endometrioma.
4. Cystadenomas: These are benign growths that develop from the surface of the ovary and can contain a watery or mucous-like fluid. While typically non-cancerous, cystadenomas can grow large and cause discomfort.
5. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is a condition where the ovaries contain many small cysts, leading to hormonal imbalances, irregular periods, and difficulty with ovulation.

Causes of Ovarian Cysts

The exact cause of ovarian cysts can vary depending on the type. However, several factors can increase the risk of developing cysts:

1. Hormonal Imbalances: An imbalance in reproductive hormones can lead to the development of functional cysts. For example, certain fertility treatments can increase the likelihood of cysts forming during ovulation.
2. Pregnancy: Sometimes, cysts form during early pregnancy as the body supports the pregnancy until the placenta takes over hormone production. These cysts typically resolve after the first trimester.
3. Endometriosis: Women with endometriosis are at a higher risk of developing endometriomas due to the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
4. Severe Pelvic Infections: Infections that spread to the ovaries can cause cysts.
5. Previous Ovarian Cysts: Women who have had ovarian cysts are more likely to develop them again.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts often do not cause symptoms, especially if they are small or functional. However, larger cysts or those that rupture can lead to noticeable symptoms, such as:

1. Pelvic Pain: This pain can be a dull ache or sharp pain on one side of the lower abdomen. It may be constant or intermittent, especially around the time of menstruation.
2. Bloating and Abdominal Swelling: As the cyst grows, it can cause the abdomen to feel full or bloated.
3. Menstrual Irregularities: Changes in your menstrual cycle, such as delayed, irregular, or particularly heavy periods, can indicate the presence of ovarian cysts.
4. Pain During Intercourse: Ovarian cysts can cause discomfort or pain during sexual activity, especially deep penetration.
5. Frequent Urination: Larger cysts can press on the bladder, causing a frequent need to urinate.
6. Difficulty Emptying the Bladder: The cyst’s pressure on the bladder can also make it difficult to empty it completely.
7. Pain During Bowel Movements: Depending on the cyst’s location, it can cause pain during bowel movements.
8. Nausea and Vomiting: These symptoms can occur if the cyst causes the ovary to twist (ovarian torsion) or if the cyst ruptures.

Complications of Ovarian Cysts

While many ovarian cysts are benign and resolve on their own, complications can arise, including:

1. Ovarian Torsion: If a large cyst causes the ovary to move, it can twist, cutting off its blood supply. This condition is a medical emergency and requires immediate attention.
2. Ruptured Cyst: A cyst that ruptures can cause severe pain and internal bleeding. The risk of rupture increases with the size of the cyst.
3. Cystadenomas: Although typically benign, cystadenomas can grow large, causing discomfort and pressure on surrounding organs.
4. Cancer: While rare, some ovarian cysts can be cancerous, especially in postmenopausal women.

Diagnosing Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are often discovered during a routine pelvic exam or when investigating symptoms like pelvic pain. Several diagnostic tools can help confirm the presence of a cyst:

1. Ultrasound: This imaging test uses sound waves to create a picture of the ovaries. It can determine the cyst’s size, shape, and composition (whether it’s fluid-filled, solid, or mixed).
2. Blood Tests: Tests like the CA-125 can measure a protein level that may be elevated in ovarian cancer. However, CA-125 can also be elevated in non-cancerous conditions, so it is not definitive.
3. Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure where a thin tube with a camera is inserted into the abdomen to view the ovaries and remove the cyst if necessary.
4. Pregnancy Test: A positive test can indicate a corpus luteum cyst.

Treatment of Ovarian Cysts

The treatment of ovarian cysts depends on several factors, including the type, size, and symptoms of the cyst, as well as the patient’s age and desire for future pregnancies.

1. Watchful Waiting: Many functional cysts resolve on their own without treatment. In these cases, doctors may recommend monitoring the cyst with periodic ultrasounds.
2. Medications: Birth control pills can help prevent the formation of new cysts in women with recurrent cysts, but they do not shrink existing ones.
3. Surgery: If the cyst is large, causing symptoms, or suspected to be cancerous, surgery may be necessary. Types of surgery include:
   • Cystectomy: Removal of the cyst while preserving the ovary.
   • Oophorectomy: Removal of the entire ovary, which may be necessary if the cyst is large or cancerous.
4. Pain Management: Over-the-counter pain relievers can help manage discomfort associated with ovarian cysts.

Preventing Ovarian Cysts

While not all ovarian cysts can be prevented, certain steps can reduce the risk:

1. Regular Pelvic Exams: Routine check-ups can help detect cysts early.
2. Manage Hormonal Imbalances: Addressing hormonal issues can reduce the likelihood of developing functional cysts.
3. Know Your Risk: If you have a history of ovarian cysts, discuss prevention strategies with your healthcare provider.

When to See a Doctor

Most ovarian cysts are harmless and resolve independently, but it’s important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following:

1. Sudden, severe pelvic pain.
2. Pain accompanied by fever or vomiting.
3. Signs of shock, such as cold, clammy skin, rapid breathing, and lightheadedness.

These symptoms could indicate a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion, both of which require immediate medical intervention.

Ovarian cysts are a common condition that many women will experience at some point in their lives. While most cysts are benign and resolve on their own, understanding the types, causes, and symptoms of ovarian cysts is crucial for recognizing when medical attention is needed. Regular pelvic exams and staying informed about your health can help you manage ovarian cysts effectively and prevent complications.